Asphalt It is natural by-product of distillation of crude petroleum. In fact it is a substance containing high percentage of bitumen and some inert mineral substances. Actually bitumen is the basic constituent of asphalt. Thus the main difference between bitumen and asphalt is as follows: When crude petroleum is fractionally distilled in refineries the product …
The Indian concrete paving equipment industry is undoubtedly a major beneficiary of the current spurt in infrastructure projects currently being witnessed in the country. Modern concrete paving machinery now readily available in the marketplace has gradually started replacing conventional manual system of paving (which was being deployed in India owing to non-availability of suitable equipment, …
Modern building envelopes do not `breathe` like their counterparts of the past. In the 1940s, it took 30 weeks and 2,400 hours of on-site labour to build a house. The average size for a new home was 800 square feet. Four decades later, construction time dropped to 8 weeks with only 800 on-site hours, while …
The water company will provide from their mains tapping plug cock a communication pipe to a stop valve and protection chamber just outside the boundary; this is a chargeable item to the building owner. The goose neck bend is included to relieve any stress likely to be exerted on the mains connection.A service pipe is …
The waterproofing should be made mandatory for all structures and should not an optional one. The approach to waterproofing problem must be conceptual and the selection of appropriate material and proper diagnosis of the problem and employing the right applicator for executing the job is equally important. waterproofing is as important as any other parameter involved in …
This is dependable foundation and is used in those place where the load of the structure is pretty and bearing capacity of soil comparatively poor. The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a wider area of subsoil. The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as the necessary base area is provided for …
Object of FoundationAs started earlier, the foundation is the device of transmitting the load of the whole structure to the sub-soil beneath it. However the following are the objects of providing foundation.1. The aim of foundation is to distribute the load of the structure over a large area or to transmit the load to the …
Roofing: Natural Lighting Daylight Design Daylight is a vital natural resource that will significantly improve the environment within any building. Rooflights provide three times more light than the same area of vertical glazing. They can also provide a much more even distribution of light, particularly in larger structures. Where vertical glazing exists, the effective area …
Variations may arise in any of the following situations (1) when the architect needs or wishes to vary the design or the specification. (2) when a discrepancy is discovered between any two or more of the contract documents. (3) when a discrepancy is discovered between any statutory requirement and any of the contract documents. 4) …
Dam Proofing In a building the structure should be free from dampness. A dam building is in healthy to these who lived in side and it causes damage to the building of the building there are various courses of dampness in the walls. 1. Moisture rising up in to the found a tin from the …